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You are here: Home / Table of herb-drug interactions based on the monographs of ESCOP

Table of herb-drug interactions based on the monographs of ESCOP

 

The rational use of herbal medicinal preparations is based on the proof of quality, safety and efficacy. An important topic for health care professionals is the knowledge about interactions between herbal medicinal products (HMPs) and medications with synthetic drugs, especially with those with a narrow therapeutical margin.

Despite large numbers of available publications, the results concerning interactions often remain contradictory and in many cases are based on pre-clinical research only or the extrapolation of theoretical mechanisms. Health care professionals need reliable information to allow for a balanced evaluation of herb-drug interactions, with relevance to severity and frequency. The monographs of the European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP) are a source of first class information in these areas. The monographs include a compilation of clinically relevant herb-drug interactions and show that the most frequent ones concern anticoagulants, corticoids, benzodiazepines as well as antiarrythmic, antidepressant and antiviral drugs.

This table is distilled from the ESCOP monographs, which are elaborated by international experts who evaluate available scientific literature and translate relevant data on efficacy and safety for the clinical use of HMPs.

ESCOP herewith provides a functional tool for health care professionals to obtain fast and reliable information on clinically relevant herb-drug interactions.

The compilation is based on the analysis of the clinical relevance regarding the potential interactions between herbal medicinal products and other medications from published scientific data.

Reference: European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP). Table of herb-drug interactions based on the monographs of ESCOP. Source: https://www.escop.com/interactions/. Updated: 30/05/2024.

> Download the table (PDF format)

Drug (English name)Drug (Latin name)SpeciesInteractions based on clinical dataPublication
WormwoodAbsinthii herbaArtemisia absinthium L.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Agnus CastusAgni casti fructusVitex agnus-castus L.No evidence in literature.
Interactions with dopamine agonists, dopamine antagonists, oestrogens and antioestrogens cannot be excluded due to possible dopaminergic and oestrogenic effects.
2003, 2nd ed.
AgrimonyAgrimoniae herbaAgrimonia eupatoria L.None reported.2019, Online
Lady's MantleAlchemillae herbaAlchemilla vulgaris L. s.l.None reported.2013, Online
GarlicAllii sativi bulbusAllium sativum L.An increased International Normalized Ratio (INR) has been observed in 2 patients on warfarin and in one patient on fluindione who had used garlic products.
The results of studies with saquinavir and ritonavir in healthy volunteers remain unclear.
2019, Online
Barbados AloesAloe barbadensisAloe barbadensis Mill.Hypokalaemia (resulting from long term laxative use) potentiates the action of cardiac glycosides and interacts with antiarrhythmic drugs and with drugs which induce reversion to sinus rhythm (e.g. quinidine). Concomitant use with other drugs inducing hypokalaemia (e.g. thiazide diuretics, adrenocorticosteroids and liquorice root) may aggravate electrolyte imbalance.2014, Online
Cape AloesAloe capensisAloe ferox Mill.Hypokalaemia (resulting from long term laxative use) potentiates the action of cardiac glycosides and interacts with antiarrhythmic drugs and with drugs which induce reversion to sinus rhythm (e.g. quinidine). Concomitant use with other drugs inducing hypokalaemia (e.g. thiazide diuretics, adrenocorticosteroids and liquorice root) may aggravate electrolyte imbalance.2014, Online
Marshmallow rootAlthaeae radixAlthaea officinalis L.The absorption of other medications taken at the same time may be delayed. For this reason, other medications should be taken at least 30-60 minutes before marshmallow root.2019, Online
Angelica rootAngelicae archangelicae radixAngelica archangelica L. (syn. Angelica officinalis Hoffm.)None reported.2021, Online
AniseedAnisi fructusPimpinella anisum L.None reported.2014, Online
Burdock rootArctii radixArctium lappa L. (syn. Arctium major Gaertn.), Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh., Arctium tomentosum Mill.None reported.2016, Online
Arnica flowerArnicae flosArnica montana L.None reported.2019, Online
Black HorehoundBallotae nigrae herbaBallota nigra L.None reported.2015, Online
Birch leafBetulae foliumBetula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens Ehrh.None reported.2015, Online
Boldo leafBoldi foliumPeumus boldus MolinaNone reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Calendula flowerCalendulae flosCalendula officinalis L.None reported.2019, Online
CapsicumCapsici fructusCapsicum annuum L. var. minimum (Mill.) Heiser, Capsicum frutescens L.Not to be applied topically together with other external products (e.g. other rubefacient or pain relieving gels) at the same application site.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
Caraway oilCarvi aetheroleumCarum carvi L.None reported.2019, Online
Caraway fruitCarvi fructusCarum carvi L.None reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
Clove oilCaryophylli aetheroleumSyzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill et L.M. Perry (syn. Eugenia caryophyllus (Spreng.) Bull. et Harr.)None reported.2014, Online
CentauryCentaurii herbaCentaurium erythraea Rafn s.l., Centaurium majus Zeltner, Centaurium suffruticosum (Griseb.) Ronniger (syn. Erythraea centaurium Pers.; Centaurium umbellatum Gilib.; Centaurium minus Garsault)None reported.2016, Online
CentellaCentellae asiaticae herbaCentella asiatica (L.) Urb.None reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
Roman Chamomile flowerChamomillae romanae flosChamaemelum nobile (L.) All. (syn. Anthemis nobilis L.)None reported.2019, Online
Greater CelandineChelidonii herbaChelidonium majus L.None reported.Online 2013
Black CohoshCimicifugae rhizomaActaea racemosa L. (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.)None reported.2011, Online
CinnamonCinnamomi cortexCinnamomum verum J. Presl.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
ColaColae semenCola nitida (Vent.) Schott et Endl. (syn. Cola vera K. Schum.), Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott et Endl. (syn. Sterculia acuminata P. Beauv.)Due to the caffeine content, concomitant intake of caffeine-containing drinks or psycho-analeptic medicines may cause a stronger caffeine effect.2014, Online
Hawthorn leaf and flowerCrataegi folium cum floreCrataegus monogyna Jacq. (Lindm.); Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. (syn. Crataegus oxyacantha L.)None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Hawthorn berriesCrataegi fructusCrataegus monogyna Jacq. (Lindm.); Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. (syn. Crataegus oxyacantha auct.), Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd., Crataegus nigra Waldst. et Kit., Crataegus azarolus L.None reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
Pumpkin seedCucurbitae semenCucurbita pepo L.None reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
TurmericCurcumae longae rhizomaCurcuma longa L. (syn. Curcuma domestica Valeton)None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Javanese TurmericCurcumae zanthorrhizae rhizomaCurcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb.None reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
Artichoke leafCynarae foliumCynara cardunculus L. (syn. Cynara scolymus L.)None reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
Narrow-leafed Coneflower rootEchinaceae angustifoliae radixEchinacea angustifolia DC.None reported.2019, Online
Pale Coneflower rootEchinaceae pallidae radixEchinacea pallida Nutt.None reported.2018, Online
Purple Coneflower herbEchinaceae purpureae herbaEchinacea purpurea (L.) MoenchNone reported.2021, Online
Purple Coneflower rootEchinaceae purpureae radixEchinacea purpurea (L.) MoenchNone reported.2021, Online
EleutherococcusEleutherococci radixEleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim.None reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
Willow herbEpilobii herbaEpilobium parviflorum Schreb; Epilobium angustifolium L.None reported.2024, Online
Equisetum stemEquiseti herbaEquisetum arvense L.None reported.2018, Online
Eucalyptus oilEucalypti aetheroleumEucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus polybractea R.T. Baker, Eucalyptus smithii R.T. BakerNone reported.2003, 2nd ed.
MeadowsweetFilipendulae ulmariae herbaFilipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. (syn. Spiraea ulmaria L.)None reported.2015, Online
Fennel oilFoeniculi aetheroleumFoeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. vulgareNone reported.2019, Online
Fennel fruitFoeniculi fructusFoeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. vulgare; Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. dulce (Mill.) Batt. Trab.None reported.2019, Online
Frangula barkFrangulae cortexFrangula alnus Mill. (syn. Rhamnus frangula L.)Hypokalaemia (resulting from long term laxative use) potentiates the action of cardiac glycosides and interacts with antiarrhythmic drugs and with drugs which induce reversion to sinus rhythm (e.g. quinidine). Concomitant use with other drugs inducing hypokalaemia (e.g. thiazide diuretics, adrenocorticosteroids and liquorice root) may aggravate electrolyte imbalance.2017, Online
FumitoryFumariae herbaFumaria officinalis L.None reported.2018, Online
Gentian rootGentianae radixGentiana lutea L.None reported.2014, Online
Ginkgo leafGinkgo foliumGinkgo biloba L.An interaction with substances that inhibit blood coagulation cannot be excluded. However, no such interactions have been observed in controlled studies.2003, 2nd ed.
GinsengGinseng radixPanax ginseng C. A. MeyMay slightly reduce blood glucose levels. Interaction of ginseng with warfarin is possible.2023, Online
Couch Grass rhizomeGraminis rhizomaAgropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. (syn. Elymus repens (L.) Gould)None reported.2016, Online
GrindeliaGrindeliae herbaGrindelia robusta Nutt., Grindelia squarrosa Dunal, Grindelia humilis Hook. et Arn., Grindelia camporum GreeneNone reported.2015, Online
Hamamelis waterHamamelidis aquaHamamelis virginiana L.None reported.2012, Online
Hamamelis barkHamamelidis cortexHamamelis virginiana L.None reported.2012, Online
Hamamelis leafHamamelidis foliumHamamelis virginiana L.None reported.2012, Online
Devilïs Claw rootHarpagophyti radixHarpagophytum procumbens DC., Harpagophytum zeyheri DecneNone reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
Ivy leafHederae helicis foliumHedera helix L.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Sandy everlasting flowerHelichrysi flosHelichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench.None reported.2019, Online
Horse Chestnut seedHippocastani semenAesculus hippocastanum L.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Goldenseal rhizomeHydrastidis rhizomaHydrastis canadensis L.Investigations in healthy volunteers revealed significant interactions with drugs that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4/5 (e.g. midazolam) and 2D6 (e.g. debrisoquin).2013, Online
St. John's WortHyperici herbaHypericum perforatum L.Oral administration of preparations with a daily dose of more than 1000 mg drug equivalent or more than 1 mg hyperforin can lead to induction of enzymes of the cytochrome P450 family and the P-glycoprotein drug efflux transporter. Interactions can occur with drugs including amitryptiline, fexofenadine, benzodiazepines, methadone, simvastatin, finasteride, digoxin.
Concomitant use of cyclosporine, tacrolimus for systemic use, amprenavir, indinavir and other protease inhibitors, irinotecan and anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin or phenprocoumon) is contraindicated.
The reduction of plasma concentrations of oral contraceptives could cause mid-cycle bleeding. The use of additional contraceptive measures due to a possible reduction in contraceptive efficacy is recommended.
Several cases of serotonergic effects after concomitant use of St. John's wort preparations with certain antidepressants have been reported. The attribution of these cases to St. John's wort remains unclear.
Patients taking other medicines on prescription should consult a physician or pharmacist before taking St. John's wort.
2018, Online
Walnut leafJuglandis foliumJuglans regia L.None reported.2024, Online
JuniperJuniperi galbulusJuniperus communis L.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Lavender oil/flowerLavandulae aetheroleum/flosLavandula angustifolia Mill. (syn. Lavandula officinalis Chaix)None reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
MotherwortLeonuri cardiacae herbaLeonurus cardiaca L.None reported.2019, Online
Iceland MossLichen islandicusCetraria islandica (L.) Ach. s.l.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
LinseedLini semenLinum usitatissimum L.The absorption of other medications taken at the same time may be delayed. For this reason, other medications should be taken at least 30-60 minutes before linseed.
Diabetics should be aware of a potential delay in glucose absorption.
2017, Online
Liquorice rootLiquiritiae radixGlycyrrhiza glabra L., Glycyrrhiza inflata Batalin, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.Hypokalaemia (resulting from excessive use of liquorice root) may potentiate the action of cardiac glycosides and interact with antiarrhythmic drugs or drugs which induce reversion to sinus rhythm (e.g. quinidine). Concomitant use with other drugs inducing hypokalaemia (e.g. thiazide diuretics, adrenocorticosteroids and stimulant laxatives) may aggravate electrolyte imbalance.2003, 2nd ed.
Hop strobileLupuli flosHumulus lupulus L.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Mallow flowerMalvae flosMalva sylvestris L.None reported.2016, Online
White HorehoundMarrubii herbaMarrubium vulgare L.There are reports from a clinical trial with diabetic patients taking glibenclamide that consumption of an aqueous extract was linked with minor symptoms of nausea, oral dryness or salivation, and dizziness.2013, Online
Matricaria flowerMatricariae flosMatricaria recutita L. (syn. Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert)None reported.2020, Online
Tea Tree oilMelaleucae aetheroleumMelaleuca alternifolia (Maiden et Betche) Cheel, Melaleuca linariifolia Sm., Melaleuca dissitiflora F. Muell.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
MelilotMeliloti herbaMelilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Melissa leafMelissae foliumMelissa officinalis L.None reported.2013, Online
Peppermint oilMenthae piperitae aetheroleumMentha x piperita L.Patients with achlorhydria (caused e.g. by medication with H2 receptor blockers) should use peppermint oil only in enteric coated capsules.2003, 2nd ed.
Peppermint leafMenthae piperitae foliumMentha x piperita L.None reported.2019, Online
Bogbean leafMenyanthidis trifoliatae foliumMenyanthes trifoliata L.None reported.
Due to their structure and low content the coumarins are presumed not to interact with anticoagulants.
2013, Online
YarrowMillefolii herbaAchillea millefolium L.None reported.2021, Online
MyrrhMyrrhaCommiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. (syn. Commiphora molmol (Engl.) Engl. ex Tschirch)None reported.2014, Online
Bilberry fruitMyrtilli fructusVaccinium myrtillus L.None reported.2014, Online
Indian FrankincenseOlibanum indicumBoswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.None reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
Restharrow rootOnonidis radixOnonis spinosa L.None reported.2015, Online
Java teaOrthosiphonis foliumOrthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. var. aristatus (syn. Ortosiphon stamineus Benth.)None reported.2014, Online
Passionflower herbPassiflorae herbaPassiflora incarnata L.None reported.2023, Online
Guarana seedPaulliniae semenPaullinia cupana Kunth (syn. Paullinia sorbilis Mart.)Due to the caffeine content, concomitant intake of caffeine-containing drinks or psycho-analeptic medicines may cause a stronger caffeine effect.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
Pelargonium rootPelargonii radixPelargonium sidoides DC., Pelargonium reniforme Curt.None reported.2015, Online
Kava-KavaPiperis methystici rhizomaPiper methysticum G. ForstNone confirmed.2003, 2nd ed.
Ribwort Plantain leaf/herbPlantaginis lanceolatae folium/herbaPlantago lanceolata L. s.l.None reported.2013, Online
Ispaghula seedPlantaginis ovatae semenPlantago ovata Forssk. (syn. Plantago ispaghula Roxb.)Enteral absorption of concomitantly administered minerals (e.g. calcium, iron, lithium, zinc), vitamins (B12), cardiac glycosides and coumarin derivatives may be delayed. For this reason, other medications should be taken at least 30-60 minutes before ispaghula husk. In the case of insulin-dependent diabetics it may be necessary to reduce the insulin dose.2020, online
Ispaghula huskPlantaginis ovatae testaPlantago ovata Forssk. (syn. Plantago ispaghula Roxb.)Enteral absorption of concomitantly administered minerals (e.g. calcium, iron, lithium, zinc), vitamins (B12), cardiac glycosides and coumarin derivatives may be delayed. For this reason, other medications should be taken at least 30-60 minutes before ispaghula husk. In the case of insulin-dependent diabetics it may be necessary to reduce the insulin dose.2016, Online
Senega rootPolygalae radixPolygala senega L.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Primula rootPrimulae radixPrimula veris L., Primula elatior Hil.None reported.2021, Online
Pygeum barkPruni africanae cortexPrunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman (syn. Pygeum africanum Hook.f.)None reported.2020, Online
Psyllium seedPsylli semenPlantago afra L. (syn. Plantago psyllium L.), Plantago indica L. (syn. Plantago arenaria Waldst. et Kit.)Enteral absorption of concomitantly administered minerals (e.g. calcium, iron, lithium, zinc), vitamins (B12), cardiac glycosides and coumarin derivatives may be delayed. For this reason, other medications should be taken at least 30-60 minutes before psyllium seed.
In the case of insulin-dependent diabetics it may be necessary to reduce the insulin dose.
2017, Online
Rhatany rootRatanhiae radixKrameria triandra Ruiz et Pav.None reported.2017, Online
CascaraRhamni purshianae cortexRhamnus purshiana DC. (syn. Frangula purshiana (DC) A. Gray)Hypokalaemia (resulting from long term laxative use) potentiates the action of cardiac glycosides and interacts with antiarrhythmic drugs and with drugs which induce reversion to sinus rhythm (e.g. quinidine). Concomitant use with other drugs inducing hypokalaemia (e.g. thiazide diuretics, adrenocorticosteroids and liquorice root) may aggravate electrolyte imbalance.2015, Online
RhubarbRhei radixRheum palmatum L., Rheum officinale Baill.Hypokalaemia (resulting from long term laxative abuse) potentiates the action of cardiac glycosides and interacts with anti-arrhythmic drugs or with drugs which induce reversion to sinus rhythm (e.g. quinidine). Concomitant use with other drugs inducing hypokalaemia (e.g. thiazide diuretics, adreno-corticosteroids and liquorice root) may aggravate electrolyte imbalance.2018, Online
Black Currant leafRibis nigri foliumRibes nigrum L.None reported.2017, Online
Dog Rose hipRosae pseudo-fructusRosa canina L., Rosa pendulina L.None reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
Rosemary leafRosmarini foliumRosmarinus officinalis L.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Butcher's BroomRusci rhizomaRuscus aculeatus L.None reported.2017, Online
Willow barkSalicis cortexSalix purpurea L., Salix daphnoides Vill., Salix fragilis L.Willow bark may slightly increase the effects of oral anticoagulants.2017, Online
Sage leafSalviae officinalis foliumSalvia officinalis L.None reported.2021, Online
Sage leaf, Three-lobedSalviae trilobae foliumSalvia fruticosa Mill. (syn. Salvia triloba L.f.)None reported.2014, Online
Elder flowerSambuci flosSambucus nigra L.None reported.2013, Online
Senna leafSennae foliumCassia senna L. (syn. Cassia acutifolia Delile), Cassia angustifolia VahlHypokalaemia (resulting from long term laxative abuse) potentiates the action of cardiac glycosides and interacts with anti-arrhythmic drugs or with drugs which induce reversion to sinus rhythm (e.g. quinidine). Concomitant use with other drugs inducing hypokalaemia (e.g. thiazide diuretics, adreno-corticosteroids and liquorice root) may aggravate electrolyte imbalance.2003, 2nd ed.
Senna podsSennae fructusCassia senna L. (syn. Cassia acutifolia Delile)Hypokalaemia (resulting from long term laxative abuse) potentiates the action of cardiac glycosides and interacts with anti-arrhythmic drugs or with drugs which induce reversion to sinus rhythm (e.g. quinidine). Concomitant use with other drugs inducing hypokalaemia (e.g. thiazide diuretics, adreno-corticosteroids and liquorice root) may aggravate electrolyte imbalance.2003, 2nd ed.
Saw Palmetto fruitSerenoae repentis fructusSerenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small (syn. Sabal serrulata (Michx.) Schult. f)Few case reports of suspected interactions with warfarin. Increased International Normalized Ratio (INR) values have been described.2003, 2nd ed.
Wild ThymeSerpylli herbaThymus serpyllum L. s.l.None reported.2014, Online
Milk Thistle fruitSilybi mariani fructusSilybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.None reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.
European GoldenrodSolidaginis virgaureae herbaSolidago virgaurea L.None reported.2018, Online
Comfrey rootSymphyti radixSymphytum officinale L.None reported in topical use.2012, Online
FeverfewTanaceti parthenii herbaTanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip.None reported.2014, Online
Dandelion leafTaraxaci foliumTaraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Dandelion rootTaraxaci radixTaraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg.None reported.Online, 2024
ThymeThymi herbaThymus vulgaris L., Thymus zygis L.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Lime flowerTiliae flosTilia cordata Miller, Tilia platyphyllos Scop., Tilia × vulgaris Hayne (syn. Tilia x europaea L.)None reported.2022, Online
TormentilTormentillae rhizomaPotentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. (syn. Potentilla tormentilla Stokes)None reported.2013, Online
FenugreekTrigonellae foenugraeci semenTrigonella foenum-graecum L.No evidence in literature.2003, 2nd ed.
Cat's Claw barkUncariae tomentosae cortexUncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. et Schult.) DC.None reported.2018, Online
Nettle leaf/herbUrticae folium/herbaUrtica dioica L., Urtica urens L.None reported.2018, Online
Nettle rootUrticae radixUrtica dioica L., Urtica urens L.None reported.2015, Online
Bearberry leafUvae ursi foliumArctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.None reported.2012, Online
CranberryVaccinii macrocarpi fructusVaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, Vaccinium oxycoccus L.A pharmacokinetic interaction between cranberry juice and warfarin is highly unlikely, despite in some cases with excessive cranberry consumption.2020, Online
Valerian rootValerianae radixValeriana officinalis L. s.l.None reported.2003, 2nd ed.
Mullein flowerVerbasci flosVerbascum thapsus L., Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. (syn. Verbascum thapsiforme Schrad), Verbascum phlomoides L.None reported.2014, Online
Wild PansyViolae herba cum floraeViola arvensis Murray, Viola tricolor L.None reported.2015, Online
Red Vine leafVitis viniferae foliumVitis vinifera L.None reported.2020, Online
GingerZingiberis rhizomaZingiber officinale RoscoeNone reported.2009, Suppl. 2nd ed.

References

• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. 2nd edition. Exeter: ESCOP, Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, New York: Thieme New York. 2003.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Suppl. 2nd edition. Exeter: ESCOP, Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, New York: Thieme New York. 2009.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Agrimoniae herba (Agrimony). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Alchemillae herba (Lady’s mantle). Exeter: ESCOP; 2013.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Allii sativi bulbus (Garlic). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Aloe barbadensis (Barbados aloes). Exeter: ESCOP; 2014.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Aloe capensis (Cape aloes). Exeter: ESCOP; 2014.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Althaeae radix (Marshmallow root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative On Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Angelicae radix (Angelica root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2021.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Anisi fructus (Aniseed). Exeter: ESCOP; 2014.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Arnicae flos (Arnica flower). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Arctii radix (Burdock root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2016.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Ballotae nigrae herba (Black Horehound). Exeter: ESCOP; 2015.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Betulae folium (Birch Leaf). Exeter: ESCOP; 2015.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Calendulae flos (Calendula flower). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Carvi aetheroleum (Carum carvi). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Caryophylli aetheroleum (Clove oil). Exeter: ESCOP; 2014.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Centaurii herba (Centaury). Exeter: ESCOP; 2015.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Chamomillae romanae Flos (Roman chamomille flower). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Cimicifugae rhizoma (Black cohosh). Exeter: ESCOP; 2011.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Echinacea angustifoliae radix (Narrow-leaved coneflower root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Echinacea pallidae radix (Pale coneflower root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2018.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Echinaceae purpureae herba (Purple Coneflower Herb). Exeter: ESCOP; 2021.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Echinaceae purpureae radix (Purple Coneflower Root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2021.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Epilobii herba (Wilow herb). Exeter: ESCOP; 2024.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Equiseti herba (Equisetum stem). Exeter: ESCOP; 2018.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Filipendulae ulmariae herba (Meadowsweet). Exeter: ESCOP; 2015.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Foeniculi aetheroleum (Bitter-fennel fruit oil). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Foeniculi fructus (Fennel fruit). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Frangulae cortex (Frangula bark). Exeter: ESCOP; 2017.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Fumariae herba (Fumitory). Exeter: ESCOP; 2018.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Gentianae radix (Gentian root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2014.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Ginseng radix (Ginseng). Exeter: ESCOP; 2023.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Graminis rhizoma (Couch grass rhizome). Exeter: ESCOP; 2016.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Grindeliae herba (Grindelia). ESCOP: Exeter: 2016.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Hamamelidis aqua (Hamamelis water). Exeter: ESCOP; 2012.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Hamamelidis cortex (Hamamelis bark). Exeter: ESCOP; 2012.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Hamamelidis folium (Hamamelis leaf). Exeter: ESCOP; 2012.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Helichrysi flos (Sandy everlasting flower). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Hydrastis rhizoma (Goldenseal rhizome). Exeter: ESCOP; 2013.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Hyperci herba (St. John’s Wort). Exeter: ESCOP; 2018.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Juglandis folium (Walnut leaf). Exeter: ESCOP; 2024.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Leonuri cardiacae herba (Motherwort). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Lini semen (Linseed). Exeter: ESCOP; 2017.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Malvae flos (Mallow Flower). Exeter: ESCOP; 2016.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Marrubii herba (White horehound). Exeter: ESCOP; 2013.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Matricaria flos (Matricaria flower). Exeter: ESCOP; 2020.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Melissae folium (Melissa leaf). Exeter: ESCOP; 2013.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Menthae piperitae folium (Peppermint leaf). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Menyanthidis trifoliatae folium (Bogbean leaf). Exeter: ESCOP; 2013.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Millefolii Herba (Yarrow). Exeter: ESCOP; 2021.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Myrrha (Myrrh). Exeter: ESCOP; 2014.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Myrtilli fructus (Bilberry fruit). Exeter: ESCOP; 2014.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Ononidis radix (Restharrow root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2015.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Orthosiphonis folium (Java tea). Exeter: ESCOP; 2014.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Passiflorae herba (Passionflower herb). Exeter: ESCOP; 2023.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Pelargonii radix (Pelargonium root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2015.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Plantaginis lanceolatae folium/herba (Ribwort plantain leaf/herb). Exeter: ESCOP; 2013.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Plantaginis ovatae semen (Ispaghula seed). Exeter: ESCOP; 2020.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Plantaginis ovatae testa (Ispaghula Husk, Blond Psyllium Husk). Exeter: ESCOP; 2016.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Primulae radix (Primula root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2021.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Pruni africanae cortex (Pygeum africanum bark). Exeter: ESCOP; 2020.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Psylli semen (Psyllium seed). Exeter: ESCOP; 2017.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Ratanhiae radix (Rathany root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2017.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Rhamni purshianae cortex (Cascara). Exeter: ESCOP; 2015.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Rhei radix (Rhubarb). Exeter: ESCOP; 2019.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Ribis nigri folium (Black currant leaf). Exeter: ESCOP; 2017.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Rusci rhizoma (Butcher’s broom). Exeter: ESCOP; 2017.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Salicis cortex (Willow bark). Exeter: ESCOP; 2017.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Salviae folium (Sage Leaf). Exeter: ESCOP; 2021.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Salvia trilobae folium (Sage leaf, three-lobed). Exeter: ESCOP; 2014.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Sambuci flos (Elder ower). Exeter: ESCOP; 2013.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Serpylli herba (Thyme European). Exeter: ESCOP; 2014.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Solidaginis virgaureae herba (European Goldenrod). Exeter: ESCOP; 2018.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Symphyti radix (Comfrey root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2012.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Tanaceti parthenii herba (Feverfew). Exeter: ESCOP; 2014.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Tiliae flos (Lime flower). Exeter: ESCOP; 2022.
• European Scientific Cooperative On Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Taraxaci radix (Dandelion root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2024.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Tormentillae rhizoma (Tormentil). Exeter: ESCOP; 2013.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Uncariae tomentosae cortex (Cat’s Claw Bark). Exeter: ESCOP; 2018.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Urticae folium/herba (Nettle leaf/herb). Exeter: ESCOP; 2018.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Urticae radix (Nettle root). Exeter: ESCOP; 2015.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Uvae ursi folium (Bearberry leaf). Exeter: ESCOP; 2012.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Vaccinii macrocarpi fructus (Cranberry). Exeter: ESCOP; 2020.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Verbasci flos (Mullein flower). Exeter: ESCOP; 2014.
• European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs, The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Violae herba cum flore (Wild pansy). Exeter: ESCOP; 2015.
• European Scientific Cooperative On Phytotherapy. ESCOP monographs The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. Online series. Vitis vinifera folium (Red vine leaf). Exeter: ESCOP; 2020.

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